The line keeps moving

Some of those were easy. Some weren't.

A calculator giving the right answer may not feel like understanding. A doctor who can't explain how they knew might. A parrot, a child reciting tables, a model that says something that feels wise: each one puts pressure on a different part of the word.

That is the point.

Before we can ask whether a machine understands, we have to notice how slippery understanding is.

Sometimes we mean getting the right answer. Sometimes we mean knowing what the symbols refer to. Sometimes we mean being able to explain, adapt, or use the idea somewhere new.

The line is not fixed. We move it depending on what we are looking at.