The Imitation Game
Instead of defining thinking, he asked a different question entirely: can you tell the difference?
He started with a game. Three people: a man, a woman, and an interrogator communicating only through typed messages. The interrogator’s job was to figure out which one was the woman. The man tried to mislead. The woman tried to give herself away.
Then Turing swapped the man out for a machine. Same game. Same rules.
His question: if the interrogator still can’t tell, does it matter whether the machine is "really" thinking?