Examples turn the dials
Think of each weight as a trust dial.
After the umbrella mistake, the correction procedure turns down the connection from your friend. On other days, it may turn up the connection from what is happening outside.
Now repeat this across hundreds of labelled examples. Inputs that often push toward the correct answer gain influence. Inputs that often push the wrong way lose influence.
People still choose the examples, provide the correct answers, and design the correction procedure. The machine adjusts the weights.
That is what learning means here: examples change the settings, so later answers can improve.
If you want to follow every correction by hand, Module 12: The Sommelier takes this same learning loop one example at a time.